1 Cell physiology -- I. Cell membranes -- II. Transport across cell membranes -- III. Osmosis -- IV. Diffusion potential, resting membrane potential, and action potential -- V. Neuromuscular and synaptic transmission -- VI. Skeletal muscle -- VII. Smooth muscle -- VIII. Comparison of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle -- Review test -- 2 Neurophysiology -- I. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) -- II. Organization of the nervous system -- III. Sensory systems -- IV. Motor systems -- V. Higher functions of the cerebral cortex -- VI. Blood-brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -- VII. Temperature regulation -- Review test -- 3 Cardiovascular physiology -- I. Circuitry of the cardiovascular system -- II. Hemodynamics -- III. Cardiac electrophysiology -- IV. Cardiac muscle and cardiac output -- V. Cardiac cycle -- VI. Regulation of arterial pressure -- VII. Microcirculation and lymph -- VIII. Special circulations -- IX. Integrative functions of the cardiovascular system: gravity, exercise, hemorrhage, and vasovagal syncope --Review test -- 4 Respiratory physiology -- I. Lung volumes and capacities -- II. Mechanics of breathing -- III. Gas exchange -- IV. Oxygen transport -- V. CO2 transport -- VI. Pulmonary circulation -- VII. V/Q defects -- VIII. Control of breathing -- IX. Integrated responses of the respiratory system -- Review test -- 5 Renal and acid-base physiology -- I. Body fluids -- II. Renal clearance, renal blood flow (RBF), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) -- III. Reabsorption and secretion -- IV. NaCl regulation -- V. K+ regulation -- VI. Renal regulation of urea, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, and uric acid -- VII. Concentration and dilution of urine -- VIII. Renal hormones -- IX. Acid-base balance -- X. Diuretics -- XI. Integrative examples -- Review test -- 6 Gastrointestinal physiology -- I. Structure and Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract -- II. Regulatory substances in the gastrointestinal tract -- III. Gastrointestinal motility -- IV. Gastrointestinal secretion -- V. Digestion and absorption -- VI. Liver physiology -- Review test -- 7 Endocrine physiology -- I. Overview of hormones -- II. Cell mechanisms and second messengers -- III. Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) -- IV. Thyroid gland -- V. Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla -- VI. Endocrine pancreas-glucagon and insulin -- VII. Calcium metabolism (Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin) -- VIII. Sexual differentiation -- IX. Male reproduction -- X. Female reproduction -- Review test -- Comprehensive examination -- Appendix A. Key physiology topics for USMLE Step 1 -- Appendix B. Key physiology equations for USMLE Step 1 -- Appendix C. Normal blood values

1. Physiological Phenomena
2. Physiology
3. Examination Questions