วิวัฒนาการความคิดเรื่องเสรีภาพและความรับผิดชอบในปรัชญาของซารตร์ / ศักดิ์ชัย นิรัญทวี = Development of the problem of freedom and responsibility in Sartre's Philosophy / Sakchai Niruntawee
The purpose of this research is to study Sartre's viewpoint about the freedom and responsibility as appear in Being and Nethingness, his first philosophical work. In order to investigate the development and the application of his idea, together with his ability in solving the problems derived from his concept, later works, such as, Existentialism and Humanism, Search for a Method, are compared to the first one. This research confirms that Sartre's freedom and responsibility are said in term of Existentialism which means "The Existences precedes Essence". It can be concluded that human being is condemned to be free and responsibility, since they can't be separated from man. The mentioned freedom is considered to be the freedom of choices since man has to make up his decision all the time by his self. No ether authorities or regulations are superior to the authority of human being. According to Sartre’s concept, man is individuality. In later period, Sartre's viewpoint has changed, because of the acceptance of Marxism's dialectical materialism, which explains the movement of History by material dialecticism. Sartre admits the finality of Marxism in creating the new society for complete freedom; but he disagrees in the matter of the violent revolution to destroy classes, because the hostilities would restrict freedom from the beginning and would destroy human being, at the end. Revolution can't lead to freedom. Such ideas are found especially in Existentialism and Humanism and in Search for a Method. According to this research, we can conclude that Sartre has changed his philosophical viewpoint, because he wants man to be aware of his own freedom. Freedom, in his opinion, are composed of two aspects; namely freedom from authorities which contrain human consciousness, and freedom to create goad things according to his own conviction. As the situation or the environment of human life is under the management of man, heagrees with creating the new society in the new order and culture, though no one knows how the new society would be like, he is, sure that all things will be under the responsibility of men who create it. The suggetion for further research may be given here in some aspects, e.g., to study the problem of bad faith in psychoanalysis, or in social and political viewpoint. Morover, to study the concept of humanism in Sartre's Existentialism, in the situation of the obstacles in the present time such as air pollutions war, and so on, is also to be encouraged.
