Early modern Europe: from Renaissance to enlightenment 1350-1789 -- The Renaissance: transition to the modern age -- The reformations: the shattering of Christian Unity -- European expansion: economic and social transformations -- The rise of sovereignty: transition to the modern state -- The scientific revolution: the universe seen as a mechanism -- The age of enlightenment: reason and reform -- An age of revolution: liberal, national, industrial 1789-1848 -- The French revolution: the affirmation of liberty and equality -- The industrial revolution: the great transformation ; Thought and culture in the early nineteenth century -- Revolution and counterrevolution, 1815-1848 -- An age of contradiction: progress and breakdown 1848-1914 -- Thought and culture in the mid-nineteenth century: realism and social criticism -- The surge of nationalism: from liberal to extreme nationalsim -- The industrial west: responses to modernization -- Imperialism: Western global domiance -- Modern consciousness: new views of nature, human nature, and the arts -- World wars and totalitarianism: the west in crisis 1914-1945 -- World War I: the West in despair -- An era of totalitarianism -- Thought and culture in an era totalitarianism -- World War II: Western civilization in the balance -- The contemporary world -- Europe after World War II: recovery and realignment, 1945-1989 -- The troubled present

1. Civilization
2. Western -- History
3. Europe -- Civilization -- Textbooks