Title | Prevention in Clinical Practice [electronic resource] / edited by Daniel M. Becker, Laurence B. Gardner |
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Imprint | Boston, MA : Springer US, 1988 |
Connect to | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5356-0 |
Descript | 468 p. online resource |
1. Patterns of Illness and Medical Practice in the United States -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Morbidity and Mortality in the United States -- 2.1. Adolescents and Young Adults -- 2.2. Adults -- 2.3. Elderly -- 3. Patterns of Practice -- 4. Prevention -- References -- 2. History of Preventive Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Personal Health -- 3. Society -- 4. Applied Science -- 5. United States -- References -- 3. Screening for Early Disease: Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Disease -- 1.2. Identification of Risk Factors for the Development of Disease -- 1.3. Monitoring the Result of an Intervention Aiding in Disease Prevention -- 2. Terminology -- 2.1. Two-by-Two Table -- 2.2. Gold Standard -- 2.3. Sensitivity and Specificity -- 2.4. Accuracy of Positive Prediction and Accuracy of Negative Prediction -- 2.5. Prevalence -- 2.6. Reliability -- 3. Effect of Prevalence on Predictive Values -- 4. Characteristics of a Good Screening Test -- 4.1. High Sensitivity -- 4.2. Relatively High Specificity -- 4.3. Simplicity -- 4.4. Safety -- 4.5. Acceptability -- 4.6. Low Cost -- 5. Factors That Affect Sensitivity and Specificity -- 5.1. Spectrum of Patients -- 5.2. Bias -- 5.3. Exercise Testing as an Example -- 6. Characteristics of Diseases for which Screening Is Worthwhile -- 6.1. Relatively High Prevalence -- 6.2. Long Duration -- 6.3. Serious Consequences -- 6.4. Treatable Disease -- 7. Distortions Created by Screening -- 7.1. Pseudodisease -- 7.2. Bias -- 8. Application of Diagnostic Test Theory to Screening Tests -- 8.1. Syphilis Screening -- 8.2. Screening for Coronary Artery Disease -- 8.3. Screening for Breast Cancer -- References -- 4. Adult Immunization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influenza Vaccine -- 3. Pneumococcal Vaccine -- 4. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines -- 5. Poliomyelitis Vaccines -- 6. Combined Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoid -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 5. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indications for Use -- 2.1. Exposure to a Specific Pathogen -- 2.2. Predisposition to Infection -- 2.3. Surgical Infections -- References -- 6. Hepatitis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hepatitis A -- 2.1. The Virus -- 2.2. Epidemiology -- 2.3. Mode of Transmission -- 2.4. Incidence -- 2.5. Incubation Period and Period of Communicability -- 2.6. Strategies for Prevention and Infection -- 2.7. Prevention of Viral Spread -- 2.8. Passive Immunoprophylaxis -- 3. Hepatitis B -- 3.1. The Virus -- 3.2. Spectrum of Disease -- 3.3. Epidemiology -- 3.4. Modes of Transmission -- 3.5. Incubation Period and Period of Communicability -- 3.6. Strategies for Prevention of Infection -- 4. Delta Agent -- 4.1. The Virus -- 4.2. Spectrum of Disease -- 4.3. Epidemiology -- 4.4. Modes of Transmission -- 4.5. Strategies for Prevention of Infection -- 5. Non-A-Non-B Hepatitis -- 5.1. The Virus -- 5.2. Spectrum of Disease -- 5.3. Epidemiology -- 5.4. Strategies for Prevention of Infection -- References -- 7. Streptococcal Pharyngitis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epidemiology -- 2.1. Streptococcal Pharyngitis -- 2.2. Rheumatic Fever -- 3. Rationale for Treatment -- 4. Diagnosis -- 4.1. Clinical Diagnosis of GABHS Pharyngitis -- 4.2. Throat Culture -- 4.3. Rapid Tests Utilizing Group A Streptococcal Antigen -- 4.4. Use of Tests in Clinical Situations -- 5. Prevention of Rheumatic Fever -- 6. Prevention of Recurrences of Rheumatic Fever -- 7. Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis -- 8. Endocarditis Prophylaxis -- 9. Future Developments -- References -- 8. Tuberculosis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epidemiology -- 2.1. Risk of Infection -- 2.2. Risk of Active Disease -- 3. Preventive Strategies -- 3.1. Primary PreventionโBCG Vaccination -- 3.2. Secondary Prevention -- 4. Active Tuberculosis -- 5. Special Situations -- 5.1. Urban Tuberculosis and the Homeless -- 5.2. Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis -- 5.3. Tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -- 6. Summary -- References -- 9. Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epidemiology -- 2.1. Incidence of STDs -- 2.2. Factors Influencing STD Trends -- 2.3. Magnitude of the STD Problem -- 3. Transmission of STD Agents -- 4. Prevention of STDs -- 4.1. Primary Prevention -- 4.2. Secondary Prevention -- 4.3. Tertiary PreventionโRehabilitation -- 5. Prevention of STDs in Newborns -- 6. Prevention of STDs in Homosexuals -- References -- 10. AIDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epidemiology -- 2.1. Risk Characteristics -- 2.2. Male Homosexuality -- 2.3. Intravenous Drug Use -- 2.4. Heterosexual Transmission -- 2.5. Nonsexual Contact -- 2.6. Health Care Workers -- 2.7. Blood Transfusions and Blood Products -- 2.8. Vectors and Environmental Factors -- 3. Diagnosis of HIV Infection -- 3.1. Diagnostic Criteria and Classification -- 3.2. Diagnosis: Laboratory Methods -- 3.3. Clinical Evaluation -- 4. Counseling Patients -- 4.1. Prognosis -- 4.2. Precautions -- 4.3. Measures to Maintain Health -- 5. Counseling Patients at Risk for HIV Infection -- 6. Precautions for Health Care Workers -- References -- 11. Coronary Artery Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease -- 2.1. Cigarette Smoking -- 2.2. Hypertension -- 2.3. Diabetes -- 2.4. Lipid Abnormalities -- 2.5. Obesity -- 2.6. Other Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors -- 3. Rationale for Prevention -- 4. Office Strategies -- 4.1. Primary Prevention -- 4.2. Secondary Prevention -- References -- 12. Diabetes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concepts Concerning Diabetes Prevention -- 3. Prevention of Acute Complications -- 3.1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis -- 3.2. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Nonketotic Diabetic Coma -- 3.3. Hypoglycemia -- 4. Prevention of Chronic Complications -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Retinopathy -- 4.3. Nephropathy -- 4.4. Neuropathy -- 4.5. Foot Ulceration -- 4.6. Macrovascular Disease -- 5. Diabetes and Pregnancy -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- 13. Hypertension -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement of Blood Pressure -- 3. Definitions of Hypertension -- 4. Epidemiology and Risk -- 5. Efficacy of Treatment -- 6. Nonpharmacological Treatment -- 7. Evaluation of Hypertension -- References -- 14. Thromboembolism -- 1. Epidemiology -- 1.1. Frequency -- 1.2. Morbidity -- 1.3. Risk Factors -- 2. Tests for Thromboembolism -- 2.1. Venous Thrombosis -- 2.2. Pulmonary Embolism -- 3. Prevention -- 3.1. Mechanical Methods -- 3.2. Pharmacological Methods -- 3.3. Combination Treatment -- 4. Costs, Risks, Benefits -- References -- 15. Nephrolithiasis -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Diagnosis -- 1.2. Metabolic Evaluation of the Patient with Nephrolithiasis -- 2. Predisposing Factors -- 2.1. Oxalate Stones -- 2.2. Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) and Calcium Phosphate (Apatite)โโTriple-Phosphate Stonesโ -- 2.3. Calcium Phosphate Stones -- 2.4. Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis -- 2.5. Cystine Stones -- 2.6. Summary -- 3. Prevention: General Principles and Specific Therapies -- 3.1. General Principles -- 3.2. Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis -- 3.3. Prevention of Idiopathic Calcium Stones -- 3.4. Prevention of Triple-Phosphate Stones -- 3.5. Prevention of Calcium Phosphate Stones -- 3.6. Prevention of Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis -- 3.7. Prevention of Cystine Stones -- 3.8. Summary -- References -- 16. Cancer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carcinogenesis -- 3. Factors Associated with the Development of Cancer -- 4. Evidence for Cancer Prevention -- 4.1. International Differences in Cancer Incidence -- 4.2. Migration Studies -- 4.3. Laboratory Research -- 5. Adverse Factors in Cancer Causation -- 5.1. Smoking -- 5.2. Dietary Fat -- 6. Protective Factors -- 6.1. Vitamin A -- 6.2. Fiber -- 6.3. Other Protective Factors -- 7. Strategies for Cancer Prevention -- 7.1. Smoking Cessation -- 7.2. Dietary Changes -- 8. Early Detection of Cancer -- 8.1. Cancer of the Uterine Cervix -- 8.2. Breast Cancer -- 8.3. Lung Cancer -- 8.4. Colorectal Cancer -- 8.5. Prostatic Cancer -- 8.6. Malignant Melanoma -- 8.7. Endometrial Cancer -- 9. Exceptions -- 10. Economics -- References -- 17. Stroke -- 1. Stroke Epidemiology -- 1.1. Stroke Definition and Classification -- 1.2. Stroke Risk Factors -- 2. Asymptomatic Carotid Bruits -- 3. Transient Ischemic Attacks -- 4. Cardiac Disease and Stroke -- 4.1. Atrial Fibrillation -- 4.2. Mitral Valve Prolapse -- 4.3. Rheumatic Heart Disease -- 4.4. Myocardial Infarction -- 4.5. Prosthetic Heart Valves -- 4.6. Cardiomyopathy -- 5. Intracranial Hemorrhage -- 5.1. Congenital Berry Aneurysm -- 5.2. Arteriovenous Malformation -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- 18. Osteoporosis -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Definition -- 1.2. The Problem -- 1.3. Some New Ideas -- 2. Osteoporosis in Clinical Practice -- 2.1. Diagnosis -- 2.2. Classification -- 2.3. Risk Factors -- 2.4. Screening -- 3. Prevention -- 3.1. Calcium -- 3.2. Estrogens -- 3.3. Other Measures -- References -- 19. Preventable Visual Loss -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Glaucoma -- 2.1. Definitions -- 2.2. Epidemiology -- 2.3. Pathophysiology -- 2.4. Diagnosis and Screening -- 2.5. Corticosteroids and Glaucoma -- 2.6. Costs -- 3. Diabetic Retinopathy -- 4. Amblyopia -- 5. Injury Prevention -- References -- 20. Health Advice for International Travelers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epidemiology of Travel-Associated Illness -- 3. How to Find Health Information for Travelers -- 4. Pretrip Evaluation -- 5. Medical Aspects of Air Travel -- 6. Immunizations -- 6.1. Routine Vaccinations -- 6.2. Vaccines Sometimes Required -- 6.3. Vaccines Often Recommended for Tropical Travel -- 6.4. Vaccines for Special Circumstances -- 6.5. Discontinued or Unavailable Vaccines -- 7. Malaria Prophylaxis -- 8. Common-Sense Precautions while Traveling -- 8.1. Water -- 8.2. Food -- 8.3. Climate -- 8.4. Altitude -- 8.5. Traffic -- 8.6. Swimming -- 8.7. Insects -- 8.8. Animal Bites -- 8.9. Medications -- 9. Prevention and Treatment of Travelerโs Diarrhea -- 10. Assessing the Returning Traveler -- References -- 21. Occupational Medicine