Title | Implications of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Manipulation [electronic resource] : Volume 1 Basic Science Aspects / edited by Edward A. Neuwelt |
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Imprint | Boston, MA : Springer US, 1989 |
Connect to | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0701-3 |
Descript | 434p. online resource |
1. The Challenge of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Do Monocytes Stream across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Response to Brain Injury? -- 3. Effects of Injury to the Blood-Brain Barrier by Mass Lesions in the CNS: Neuroradiologic Characteristics -- 4. Encephalopathy Associated with Cryoprecipitable Australia Antigen -- 5. Adoptive Immunotherapy as a Means to Circumvent the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Immunologic Privilege of the CNS -- 6. The Dramatic Effect of Corticosteroids on Vasogenic Cerebral Edema -- 7. The Role of Blood-Brain Barrier Modification in the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors -- 8. Competition at the Blood-Brain Barrier by Dietary Amino Acids Causing Fluctuations in the Motor Performance of Patients with Parkinson Disease Who Are Receiving Levodopa Therapy -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- 2. History of the Blood-Brain Barrier Concept -- 1. Studies with Dyestuffs -- 2. The Stern-Gautier Hypothesis -- 3. Selectivity of the Barrier -- 4. Lipid Solubility -- 5. Sink Action of the Cerebrospinal Fluid -- 6. Morphology of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 6.1. Brain Capillary Endothelial Cell End-Feet -- 6.2. Electron Microscopistsโ Heresy -- 7. The Extracellular Space of the Brain -- 8. The Barriers and Homeostasis -- 8.1. Brain Extracellular Fluid -- 8.2. Cerebral Edema -- 9. Ontogeny of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 9.1. Rate of Protein Exchange -- 9.2. Concentrations of Individual Proteins -- 10. Comparative Aspects -- 10.1. Elasmobranchs -- 10.2. Holocephalans -- 10.3. Cyclostomes -- 10.4. The Invertebrate Barrier -- 10.5. Value of Comparative Studies -- 11. The Present Era -- 11.1. Perfused Brain -- 11.2. Isolated Choroid Plexus -- 11.3. Isolated Brain Microvessels -- 12. Summary -- References -- 3. The Anatomic Basis of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 1. Intercellular Tight Junctions -- 1.1. Structure and Permeability -- 1.2. Glial Modulation -- 2. Pits, Vesicles, and Channels -- 2.1. Vesicle Translocation -- 2.2. Most Vesicles May Be Pits -- 2.3. Vesicle Fusion and Fission -- 2.4. Cryofixation and Chemical Fixation -- 3. Receptors -- 3.1. Insulin -- 3.2. Low-Density Lipoprotein -- 3.3. Transferrin -- 4. Electric Charge -- 4.1. Charge and Endocytosis -- 4.2. Charge and Lectin Binding -- 5. Circumventing the Barrier -- 5.1. Retrograde Axonal Transport -- 5.2. Endothelial Alteration -- 5.3. Transplants -- 6. Extravascular Spread of Peroxidase -- 6.1. Perivascular Basement Membrane -- 6.2. Interstitial Compartment -- 6.3. Clearance via Basement Membranes -- 7. Enzymes -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- 4. Quantitation of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Two Methodologic Approaches -- 3. Continuous Uptake -- 3.1. Intravenous Administration -- 3.2. Brain-Perfusion Technique -- 4. Single-Pass Uptake -- 4.1. Indicator Diffusion -- 4.2. Brain Uptake Index -- 4.3. Single Injection-External Registration -- 5. Summary -- References -- 5. Transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 1. Physicochemical Factors Influencing Permeability -- 1.1. Solute Transport -- 1.2. Water -- 1.3. Influence of Protein Binding -- 1.4. Convection in Cerebral Interstitial Fluid -- 2. Specific Transport -- 2.1. Monosaccharides -- 2.2. Monocarboxylic Acids -- 2.3. Amino Acids -- 2.4. Vitamins, Cofactors, and Nucleic Acid Precursors -- 2.5. Peptides -- 3. Factors Modifying Permeability -- 3.1. Blood Flow and Permeability -- 3.2. Modulation of Transport Mechanisms -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 6. Pharmacology of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods of Measuring Drug Transfer -- 3. Capillary Transport Models and PS Products -- 4. Mechanisms of Transport to and through the BBB -- 5. Local Differences in Influx -- 6. Drug Permeability and Distribution -- 7. Summary -- References -- 7. Ontogeny and Phytogeny of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ontogenetic and Phylogenetic Animal Models of Barriers -- 3. Structural Configurations of Barrier Systems in Infant Mammals -- 3.1. Blood-Brain Barrier -- 3.2. Blood-CSF Barrier: Choroid Plexus -- 4. Quantitation of Solute Permeation into CNS -- 5. Physiologic Factors Affecting Solute Permeation into CNS -- 5.1. Cerebrovascular Variables -- 5.2. Extracellular Fluid Volume -- 5.3. Cerebrospinal Fluid Sink Action -- 5.4. Brain Cell Metabolism -- 5.5. Macromolecular Composition of CSF, Cells, and Plasma -- 5.6. Acid-Base Effects -- 6. Perinatal Development of Barriers Regulating Solute Movement -- 6.1. Anions -- 6.2. Cations -- 6.3. Nonelectrolytes -- 6.4. Sugars -- 6.5. Amino Acids -- 6.6. Monocarboxylic Acids -- 6.7. Monoamine Neurotransmitters -- 7. Discussion of Ontogeny of Barrier Function in Mammals -- 7.1. Ontogeny of the BBB: Models and Questions -- 7.2. Permeability of the BBB in Infant Rats in in Vivo Experiments -- 7.3. Regional Differences in Barrier Permeability in the Developing CNS -- 7.4. Cation versus Anion and Nonelectrolyte Permeation -- 7.5. Anatomic Substrates for More Permeable Interfaces -- 7.6. Developmental Permeability: Neural versus Peripheral Tissues -- 7.7. Kinetic Constants for Carrier Transport in Immature Brain -- 7.8. Interpretation of BUI Constants for Infants -- 7.9. CNS Hemodynamic and Hydrodynamic Development -- 7.10. Ontogeny of Acid-Base Modulation of Transport -- 7.11. Pharmacologic and Toxicologic Considerations -- 7.12. Pathophysiology of the Developing Barriers -- 7.13. The Rat as an Ontogenetic BBB Model -- 7.14. Future Research Directions -- 8. Recapitulation and Perspective -- References -- 8. The Blood-Nerve Barrier and the Pathologic Significance of Nerve Edema -- 1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Blood-Nerve Barrier and the Endoneurial Compartment -- 2. Endoneurial Fluid Pressure -- 2.1. Mechanisms of Increased Endoneurial Fluid Pressure -- 3. Significance of Endoneurial Edema -- 3.1. Topography of Endoneurial Edema -- 3.2. Impact of Endoneurial Edema -- 4. Nerve Fiber Lesions Associated with Increased EFP -- 4.1. Wallerian Degeneration Secondary to Nerve Crush -- 4.2. Cryoprobe Injury -- 4.3. Chemical Injury -- 4.4. Laser Injury -- 4.5. Entrapment Neuropathy -- 4.6. Secondary Axonal Injury -- 5. Summary -- References -- 9. Potential for Pharmacologic Manipulation of the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Consideration of Gross Structure -- 3. Barrier Cells: Plexus Epithelium versus Cerebral Endothelium -- 4. Polarity of Membranes in CNS Transport Interfaces -- 5. Experimental Preparations of Choroid Plexus -- 5.1. In Vitro -- 5.2. In Situ -- 6. In Vivo Analyses of Choroid Plexus-CSF Systems -- 7. Rate-Limiting Step in Transchoroidal Transport -- 8. Permeability of Tight Junctions and Membrane Poles -- 8.1. Tight Junctions -- 8.2. Basolateral Membrane -- 8.3. Apical Membrane -- 9. Carrier Transport Systems in Choroid Plexus -- 10. Exploitation of Barrier Transport Mechanisms in the Blood-CSF Barrier -- 10.1. Ascorbic Acid -- 10.2. Nucleosides and Vitamins -- 10.3. Purines -- 10.4. Amino Acids -- 11. Transcellular and Paracellular Transport of Proteins -- 11.1. Endothelial Vesicular Transport: Blood-Brain Barrier versus CP -- 11.2. Transcellular Pathway (into or through Epithelium) -- 11.3. Paracellular Pathway (between Epithelia) -- 11.4. Factors Affecting CSF Protein Concentration -- 11.5. Therapeutic Strategies -- 12. Polypeptide Receptors and Transport -- 12.1. Oligopeptides -- 12.2. Enkephalins -- 12.3. Polypeptide Hormones -- 13. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes -- 14. Neurotransmitters -- 15. Altered Fluxes of Inorganic Ions across Choroid Plexus -- 15.1. Sodium and Chloride -- 15.2. Bicarbonate -- 15.3. Potassium -- 15.4. Lithium -- 15.5. Calcium and Magnesium -- 16. Hypertensive and Osmotic Opening of the Choroid Plexus -- 17. Future Outlook and Practical Considerations -- References -- 10. The Blood-Brain Barrier and the Immune System -- 1. Basic Concepts of Immunology -- 2. Is the Central Nervous System an Immunologically Privileged Site? -- 3. Cerebrospinal Fluid Composition -- 4. Circulating Antibodies in Neurologic Disease -- 5. Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System -- 6. Neoplastic Disease of the Central Nervous System -- 7. Is There a Separate Immune System in the Central Nervous System? -- 8. Therapeutic Implications of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 9. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 11. Cerebral Edema and the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Definition of Edema -- 1.2. Types of Cerebral Edema -- 2. Development and Resolution of Vasogenic Edema -- 2.1. Formation and Spread of Vasogenic Edema -- 2.2. Equilibrium Phase -- 2.3. Resolution of Vasogenic Edema -- 2.4. Chemical Characteristics -- 3. Characteristics and Reversibility of Ischemic Edema -- 3.1. Ischemic Changes -- 3.2. Postischemic Edema -- 3.3. Delayed Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 4. Functional Disturbances in Injured Brain May Not Be Related to Cerebral Edema -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Summary -- References -- 12. Drug Delivery to the Brain by Blood-Brain Barrier Circumvention and Drug Modification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Factors Influencing Drug Concentrations in Brain -- 2.1. Influence of Physicochemical Properties on Drug Organ Uptake -- 2.2. Drug Interactions with Plasma Proteins -- 3. Optimization of Drug Uptake by Brain -- 3.1. Frequency of Drug Administration -- 3.2. Route of Drug Administration -- 4. Reversible Blood-Brain Barrier Modification -- 4.1. Osmotic Opening -- 4.2. Metrazol Opening -- 4.3. Miscellaneous Techniques -- 5. Chemical Modification of Drugs -- 5.1. Analogues -- 5.2. Prodrugs -- 5.3. Carrier-Mediated Transport at the Blood-Brain Barrier -- 6. Cerebral Blood Flow -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- 13. The Blood-Ocular Barrier -- 1. Blood-Aqueous Barrier -- 2. Blood-Retinal Barrier -- References