In 1994 Peter Shor [65] published a factoring algorithm for a quantum computer that finds the prime factors of a composite integer N more efficiently than is possible with the known algorithms for a classical comยญ puter. Since the difficulty of the factoring problem is crucial for the seยญ curity of a public key encryption system, interest (and funding) in quanยญ tum computing and quantum computation suddenly blossomed. Quanยญ tum computing had arrived. The study of the role of quantum mechanics in the theory of computaยญ tion seems to have begun in the early 1980s with the publications of Paul Benioff [6]' [7] who considered a quantum mechanical model of computers and the computation process. A related question was discussed shortly thereafter by Richard Feynman [35] who began from a different perspecยญ tive by asking what kind of computer should be used to simulate physics. His analysis led him to the belief that with a suitable class of "quantum machines" one could imitate any quantum system
