Introduction: The Problems of Contemporary Philosophy -- A. Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary Philosophy -- B. The Process of Differentiation in Philosophy -- C. A Look Ahead -- I / The Philosophy of Self-Evidence: Franz Brentano -- A. Mental Phenomena and Knowledge -- B. The Theory of Being -- C. The Theory of Moral Knowledge -- D. Knowledge of God -- E. Evaluation -- II / Methodological Phenomenology: Edmund Husserl -- A. The Absolute Character of Truth -- B. The Problem of Universals -- C. Intentionality, Judgment and Knowledge (The Phenomenology of Consciousness) -- D. The Phenomenological Intuiting of Essences (Die phรคnomenologische Wesensschau) -- E. Phenomenology and Transcendental Philosophy -- F. Evaluation -- III / Applied Phenomenology: Max Scheler -- A. Gnoseology and Phenomenology -- B. The Theory of Sympathy -- C. Value and Person -- D. Religious Philosophy and Theology -- E. Manโ{128}{153}s Place in the Stratified Structure of the World -- F. Evaluation -- IV / Existential Ontology: Martin Heidegger -- A. The Philosophy of Existence in General and its Historical Relationship to Western Thought -- B. The Ontology of Finite Dasein -- C. Evaluation -- V / The Philosophy of Existence: Karl Jaspers -- A. Philosophical World-Orientation, Illumination of Existence, and Metaphysics -- B. The Being of the Encompassing, and Truth -- C. Evaluation -- VI / Critical Realism: Nicolai Hartmann -- A. The Metaphysics of Knowledge -- B. The Structure of Being -- C. The Philosophy of Spirit -- D. The Philosophy of Value -- E. Evaluation -- VII / Modern Empiricism: Rudolf Carnap and the Vienna Circle -- A. Reasons for the Rise of Modern Empiricism -- B. Immanence Positivism (Mach, Avenarius) and the Epistemology of Moritz Schlick -- C. Definitions and Explications of Concepts -- D. Statements and the Meaning of Statements -- 1. First Formulation of the Empiricistโ{128}{153}s Criterion of Meaning -- E. The Structure of Empirical Knowledge -- F. Semantics and Logical Syntax -- G. Evaluation -- VIII / Foundational Studies and Contemporary Analytic Philosophy -- A. Research in the Foundations of Logic and Mathematics -- B. The Theory of Empirical Scientific Knowledge -- C. Problems of Reality -- D. Ethics -- IX / Ludwig Wittgenstein -- A. Philosophy I -- B. Philosophy II -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects