Author | Husserl, Edmund. author |
---|---|
Title | Formal and Transcendental Logic [electronic resource] / by Edmund Husserl |
Imprint | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1969 |
Connect to | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1111-2 |
Descript | XX, 340 p. online resource |
Preparatory Considerations -- ยง 1. Outset from the significations of the word logos: speaking, thinking, what is thought -- ยง 2. The ideality of language. Exclusion of the problems pertaining to it -- ยง 3. Language as an expression of โthinking.โ Thinking in the broadest sense, as the sense-constituting mental process -- ยง 4. The problem of ascertaining the essential limits of the โthinkingโ capable of the significational Function -- ยง 5. Provisional delimination of logic as apriori theory of science -- ยง 6. The formal character of logic. The formal Apriori and the contingent Apriori -- ยง 7. The normative and practical functions of logic -- ยง 8. The two-sidedness of logic; the subjective and the Objective direction of its thematizing activity -- ยง 9. The straightforward thematizing activity of the โObjectiveโ or โpositiveโ sciences. The idea of two-sided sciences -- ยง 10. Historically existing psychology and scientific thematizing activity directed to the subjective -- ยง11. The thematizing tendencies of traditional logic -- a.Logic directed originally to the Objective theoretical formations produced by thinking -- b.Logicโs interest in truth and the resultant reflection on subjective insight -- c. Result: the hybridism of historically existing logic as a theoretical and normative-practical discipline -- I / The structures and the sphere of objective formal logic -- The way from the tradition to the full idea of formal logic -- 1. Formal logic as apophantic analytics -- ยง 12. Discovery of the idea of the pure judgment-form -- ยง 13. The theory of the pure forms of judgments as the first discipline of formal logic -- a.The idea of theory of forms -- b.Universality of the judgment-form; the fundamental forms and their variants -- c.Operation as the guiding concept in the investigation of forms -- ยง 14. Consequence-logic (logic of non-contradiction) as the second level of formal logic -- ยง 15. Truth-logic and consequence-logic -- ยง 16. The differences in evidence that substantiate the separating of levels within apophantics. Clear evidence and distinct evidence -- a.Modes of performing the judgment. Distinctness and confusion -- b.Distinctness and clarity -- c.Clarity in the having of something itself and clarity of anticipation -- ยง 17. The essential genus, โdistinct judgment,โ as the theme of โpure analyticsโ -- ยง 18. The fundamental question of pure analytics -- ยง 19. Pure analytics as fundamental to the formal logic of truth. Non-contradiction as a condition for possible truth -- ยง 20. The principles of logic and their analogues in pure analytics -- ยง 21. The evidence in the coinciding of โthe sameโ confused and distinct judgment. The broadest concept of the judgment -- ยง 22. The concept defining the province belonging to the theory of apophantic forms, as the grammar of pure logic, is the judgment in the broadest sense -- 2. Formal apophantics, formal mathematics -- ยง 23. The internal unity of traditional logic and the problem of its position relative to formal mathematics -- a.The conceptual self-containedness of traditional logic as apophantic analytics -- b.The emerging of the idea of an enlarged analytics, Leibnizโs โmathesis universalis,โ and the methodico-technical unification of traditional syllogistics and formal mathematics -- ยง 24. The new problem of a formal ontology. Characterization of traditional formal mathematics as formal ontology -- ยง 25. Formal apophantics and formal ontology as belonging together materially, notwithstanding the diversity of their respective themes -- ยง 26. The historical reasons why the problem of the unity of formal apophantics and formal mathematics was masked -- a.Lack of the concept of the pure empty form -- b.Lack of knowledge that apophantic formations are ideal -- c.Further reasons, particularly the lack of genuine scientific inquiries into origins -- d.Comment on Bolzanoโs position regarding the idea of formal ontology -- ยง 27. The introduction of the idea of formal ontology in the Logische Untersuchungen -- a.The first constitutional investigations of categorial objectivities, in the Philosophie der Arithmetik -- b.The way of the โProlegomenaโ from formal apophantics to formal ontology -- 3. Theory of deductive systems and theory of multiplicities -- ยง 28. The highest level of formal logic: the theory of deductive systems; correlatively, the theory of multiplicities -- ยง 29. The theory of multiplicities and the formalizing reduction of the nomological sciences -- ยง 30. Multiplicity-theory as developed by Riemann and his successors -- ยง31. The pregnant concept of a multiplicity-correlatively, that of a โdeductiveโ or โnomologicalโ system-clarified by the concept of โdefinitenessโ -- ยง 32. The highest idea of a theory of multiplicities: a universal nomological science of the forms of multiplicities -- ยง 33. Actual formal mathematics and mathematics of the rules of the game -- ยง 34. Complete formal mathematics identical with complete logical analytics -- ยง 35. Why only deductive theory-forms can become thematic within the domain of mathesis universalis as universal analytics -- a.Only deductive theory has a purely analytic system-form -- b.The problem of when a system of propositions has a system-form characterizable as analytic -- ยง 36. Retrospect and preliminary indication of our further tasks -- b. Phenomenological clarification of the two-sidedness of formal logic as formal apophantics and formal ontology -- 4. Focusing on objects and focusing on judgments -- ยง 37. The inquiry concerning the relationship between formal apophantics and formal ontology; insufficiency of our clarifications up to now -- ยง 38. Judgment-objects as such and syntactical formations -- ยง 39. The concept of the judgment broadened to cover all formations produced by syntactical actions -- ยง 40. Formal analytics as a playing with thoughts, and logical analytics. The relation to possible application is part of the logical sense of formal mathesis -- ยง41. The difference between an apophantic and an ontological focusing and the problem of clarifying that difference -- ยง 42. Solution of this problem -- a.Judging directed, not to the judgment, but to the thematic objectivity -- b.Identity of the thematic object throughout changes in the syntactical operations -- c.The types of syntactical object-forms as the typical modes of Something -- d.The dual function of syntactical operations -- e.Coherence of the judging by virtue of the unity of the substrate-object that is being determined. Constitution of the โconceptโ determining the substrate-object -- f. The categorial formations, which accrue in the determining, as habitual and inter subjective possessions -- g. The objectivity given beforehand to thinking contrasted with the categorial objectivity produced by thinking โ Nature as an illustration -- ยง 43. Analytics, as formal theory of science, is formal ontology and, as ontology, is directed to objects 119 -- ยง 44. The shift from analytics as formal ontology to analytics as formal apophantics -- a.The change of thematizing focus from object- provinces to judgments as logic intends them -- b.Phenomenological clarification of this change of focus -- ?. The attitude of someone who is judging naรฏvely-straightforwardly -- ?. In the critical attitude of someone who intends to cognize, supposed objectivities as supposed are distinguished from actual objectivities -- ?. The scientistโs attitude: the supposed, as supposed, the object of his criticism of cognition -- ยง 45. The judgment in the sense proper to apophantic logic -- ยง 46. Truth and falsity as results of criticism. The double sense of truth and evidence -- 5. Apophantics, as theory of sense, and truth-logic -- ยง 47. The adjustment of traditional logic to the critical attitude of science leads to its focusing on the apophansis -- ยง 48. Judgments, as mere suppositions, belong to the region of senses. Phenomenological characterization of the focusing on senses -- ยง 49. The double sense of judgment (positum, proposition) -- ยง 50. The broadening of the concept of sense to cover the whole positional sphere, and the broadening of formal logic to include a formal axiology and a formal theory of practice -- ยง51. Pure consequence-logic as a pure theory of senses. The division into consequence-logic and truth- logic is valid also for the theory of multiplicities, as the highest level of logic -- ยง 52. โMathesis puraโ as properly logical and as extralogical. The โmathematics of mathematiciansโ -- ยง 53. Elucidations by the example of the Euclidean multiplicity -- ยง 54. Concluding ascertainment of the relationship be-tween formal logic and formal ontology -- ?.The problem -- b.The two correlative senses of formal logic -- c. The idea of formal ontology can be separated from the idea of theory of science -- II / From Formal to Transcendental Logic -- 1. Psychologism and the laying of a transcendental foundation for logic -- ยง 55. Is the development of logic as Objective-formal enough to satisfy even the idea of a merely formal theory of science ? -- ยง 56. The reproach of psychologism cast at every consideration of logical formations that is directed to the subjective -- ยง57. Logical psychologism and logical idealism -- a. The motives for this psychologism -- b. The ideality of logical formations as their making their appearance irreally in the logico-psychic sphere -- ยง 58. The evidence of ideal objects analogous to that of individual objects -- ยง 59. A universal characterization of evidence as the giving of something itself -- ยง 60. The fundamental laws of intentionality and the universal function of evidence -- ยง 61. Evidence in general in the function pertaining to all objects, real and irreal, as synthetic unities -- ยง 62. The ideality of all species of objectivities over against the constituting consciousness. The po