Introduction. -- Primitive government to the end of the Middle Ages. -- Early modern government to the end of the 19th century. -- Government in the 20th and 21st centuries. --Nondemocratic forms of government. -- Prehistoric democracy to the Italian Republics. -- European and American democracy to the end of the 19th century. -- Democracy in the 20th and 21st centuries. -- The theory of democracy from Pericles to Rawls. -- The value of democracy.