Introduction : Physical and mathematical models ; Models as a management tool ; Models as a research tool ; Models and holism ; The ecosystem as an object for research ; The development of ecological and environmental models ; State of the art in the application of models -- Concepts of modelling : Modelling elements ; The modelling procedure ; Verification ; Sensitivity analysis ; Calibration ; Validation and assessment of the model uncertainty ; Model classes ; Selection of model complexity and structure ; Parameter estimation ; Ecological modelling and quantum theory ; Modelling constraints -- An overview of different model types : Model types - an overview ; Conceptual models ; Advantages and disadvantages of the most applied model types ; Applicability of the different model types -- Mediated or institutionalized modelling : Why do we need mediated modelling? ; The institutionalized modelling process ; When do you apply institutionalized or mediated modelling (IMM)? -- Modelling population dynamics : Basic concepts ; Growth models in population dynamics ; Interaction between populations ; Matrix models ; Fishery models ; Metapopulation models ; Infection models -- Steady-state models : A chemo state model to illustrate a steady-state biogeochemical model ; Ecopath models ; Ecological network analysis -- Dynamic biogeochemical models : Application of biogeochemical dynamic models ; The Streeter-Phelps River BOD/DO model, using STELLA ; Eutrophication models I: simple Eutrophication models with 2-4 state variables ; Eutrophication models II: a complex Eutrophication model ; Model of subsurface wetland ; Global warming model -- Ecotoxicological models : Classification and application of ecotoxicological models ; Environmental risk assessment ; Characteristics and structure of ecotoxicological models ; An overview: the application of models in ecotoxicology ; Estimation of ecotoxicological parameters ; Ecotoxicological case study I: modelling the distribution of chromium in a Danish Fjord ; Ecotoxicological case study II: contamination of agricultural products by cadmium and lead ; Fugacity fate models -- Individual-based models : History of individual-based models ; Designing individual-based models ; Emergent versus imposed behaviors ; Orientors ; Implementing individual-based models ; Pattern-oriented modelling ; Individual-based models for parameterizing models ; Individual-based models and spatial models ; Example ; Structurally dynamic models ; Ecosystem characteristics ; How to construct structurally dynamic models and definitions of exergy and eco-exergy ; Development of structurally dynamic models for Darwin's finches ; Biomanipulation ; An ecotoxicological structurally dynamic models example -- Spatial modelling : Spatial ecological models: the early days ; Spatial ecological models: state-of-the-art

1. Ecology -- Simulation methods
2. Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Simulation methods
3. Environmental management