Introduction: women and war in the Middle East: transnational perspectives. -- Gendering informal economies in Iraq. -- The United States, the Iraqi women/s diaspora and women's 'Empowerment' in Iraq. -- 'Post-war reconstruction', imperialism and Kurdish women's NGOs. -- Gender mainstreaming and feminist organizing in the Middle East and North Africa. -- 'Here, it's not about conflict resolution- we can only resist': Palestinian women's activism in conflict resolution and non-violent resistance. -- Fragmented citizenship: communalism, ethnicity and gender in Iraq. -- Gendered Palestinian citizenship: women, legal pluralism and post-conflict aid. -- Conclusion: gendering war and transnationalism in the Middle East.