Introduction to anthropology : The biocultural approach ; What is anthropology? ; The scientific method ; The anthropological perspective -- Heredity and evolution. The development of evolutionary theory : A brief history of evolutionary thought ; Natural selection in action ; At a glance: the mechanism of natural selection ; Constraints on nineteenth-century evolutionary theory ; Opposition to evolution -- Heredity and evolution : The cell ; DNA structure and function ; Cell division: mitosis and meiosis ; The genetic principles discovered by Mendel ; Mendelian inheritance in humans ; Misconceptions regarding dominance and recessiveness ; Polygenic inheritance ; At a glance: a comparison of Mendelian and polygenic traits ; Genetic and environmental factors ; Mitochondrial inheritance ; New frontiers ; Modern evolutionary theory ; Factors that produce and redistribute variation ; Natural selection acts on variation -- Modern human variation and adaptation : Historical views of human variation ; The concept of race ; Racism ; Intelligence ; Contemporary interpretations of human variation ; At a glance: former and contemporary approaches to the study of human variation ; Human biocultural evolution ; Population genetics ; The adaptive significance of human variation ; The continuing impact of infectious disease ; At a glance: zoonoses and human infectious disease -- Macroevolution: processes of vertebrate and mammalian evolution : The human place in the organic world ; Principles of classification ; At a glance: comparing two approaches to interpretations of evolutionary relationships ; Definition of species ; Vertebrate evolutionary history: a brief summary ; Mammalian evolution ; The emergence of major mammalian groups ; Processes of macroevolution -- Prinates. An overview of the primates : Primate characteristics ; Primate adaptations ; Primate classification ; At a glance: alternative classifications of great apes and humans ; A survey of the living primates ; Endangered primates -- Primate behavior : The evolution of behavior ; Why be social? ; Primate social behavior ; Reproduction and reproductive behaviors ; Mothers, fathers, and infants ; Primate cultural behavior ; Language ; At a glance: evolution of human language ; The primate continuum -- Paleoanthropology fossil Hominins. Understanding the past: archaeological and Paleoanthropological methods : Biocultural evolution: the human capacity for culture ; Paleoanthropology ; Archaeology ; Piecing together the past ; Dating methods ; At a glance: relative and chronometric dating ; Paleoanthropology and archaeology at Olduvai Gorge -- Hominin origins : Early primate evolution ; Miocene fossil hominoids ; Definition of Hominin ; The bipedal adaptation ; Early Hominins from Africa ; At a glance: key pre-Australopith discoveries ; The lower Paleolithic period: emergence of human culture ; Interpretations: what does it all mean? ; Seeing the big picture: adaptive patterns of early African Hominins ; What's important: key early Hominin fossil discoveries from Africa -- The first dispersal of the genus homo: homo erectus and contemporaries : A new kind of Hominin ; The morphology of homo erectus ; The first homo erectus: homo erectus from Africa ; At a glance: key homo erectus discoveries from Africa ; Who were the earliest African emigrants? ; Homo erectus from Indonesia ; Homo erectus from china ; At a glance: key homo erectus discoveries from Asia ; Asian and African homo erectus: a comparison ; Later Hominins from Europe ; At a glance: key homo erectus and contemporaneous discoveries from Europe ; Archaeology of early Hominin dispersal ; Seeing the big picture: interpretations of homo erectus ; What's important: key fossil discoveries of homo erectus -- Premodern humans : When, where, and what ; Premodern humans of the middle Pleistocene ; At a glance: key Premodern human (H. heidelbergensis) fossils from Africa ; At a glance: key Premodern human (H. heidelbergensis) fossils from Europe ; At a glance: key Premodern human (H. heidelbergensis) fossils from Asia ; A review of middle Pleistocene evolution ; Lower Paleolithic Premodern human culture ; Neandertals: Premodern humans of the late Pleistocene ; At a glance: key Neandertal fossil discoveries ; Middle Paleolithic culture ; Genetic evidence ; Trends in human evolution: understanding Premodern humans ; What's important: key fossil discoveries of Premodern humans -- The origin and dispersal of modern humans : Approaches to understanding modern human origins ; The earliest discoveries of modern humans ; At a glance: key early modern homo sapiens discoveries from Africa and the near east ; At a glance: key early modern homo sapiens discoveries from Europe and Asia ; Something new and different ; Upper Paleolithic technology and art ; Summary of upper Paleolithic culture ; What's important: key fossil discoveries of early modern humans and homo Floresiensis -- Anchaeology. Early Holocene hunters and gatherers : Entering the new world ; At a glance: entry of the first humans into the new world ; At a glance: important northeastern Asia sites and regions ; The earliest Americans ; At a glance: important pre-Paleo-Indian sites in the new world ; Paleo-Indians in the Americas ; Paleo-Indian lifeways ; At a glance: important Paleo-Indian sites in the new world ; At a glance: North American Paleo-Indian cultures ; Early Holocene hunter-gatherers ; Case studies of early Holocene cultures ; At a glance: important archaic sites in the new world ; At a glance: important Mesolithic and Epipaleolithic sites in the old world ; What's important: the most significant archaeological sites discussed in this chapter -- Food production : The Neolithic revolution ; Explaining the origins of domestication and agriculture ; At a glance: environmental factors in the development of agriculture ; At a glance: cultural factors in the development of agriculture ; Archaeological evidence for domestication and agriculture ; Old world farmers ; At a glance: important near eastern sites and regions ; At a glance: important African sites and regions ; At a glance: important Asian sites and regions ; At a glance: important European sites and regions ; New world farmers ; At a glance: important Mexican and South American sites and regions ; At a glance: important North American sites and regions ; Biocultural consequences of food production ; What's important: the most significant archaeological sites discussed in this chapter -- The first civilizations : Civilizations in perspective ; Why did civilizations form? ; At a glance: environmental factors in the development of early civilizations ; At a glance: Kwang-Chih Chang's view of the cultural factors in the development of early civilizations ; Old world civilizations ; At a glance: important near eastern sites and regions ; At a glance: important Egyptian sites and regions ; At a glance: important Asian sites and regions ; New world civilizations ; At a glance: important lowland Mesoamerican sites and regions ; At a glance: important highland Mesoamerican sites and regions ; At a glance: important Peruvian sites and regions ; What's important: the most significant archaeological sites discussed in this chapter

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