Introduction : rationale, questions, methods -- Direct elections or political opportunities? Explaining presidential activism -- The activism of indirectly and directly elected presidents -- To elect or to select? -- The nature of presidential elections -- Decrease of political disillusionment and apathy? -- Conclusions

1. Elections -- Cross-cultural studies
2. Voting -- Cross-cultural studies
3. Direct election -- Cross-cultural studies
4. Presidents -- Election -- Cross-cultural studies