Part 1. Exploring interests and institutions ; Paradox of early exit from work -- Actor constellations and interest coalitions : labors, employers, and the state -- Protection, production, and partnership institutions affinities to complementarities -- Part 2 Comparing early exit regimes -- Ever earlier retirement: comparing employment trajectories -- Protection-pull factors: Multiple pathways to early exit -- Production-push factors: the political economy of labor shedding -- Part 3 Reform obstacles and opportunities ; Exit from early retirement; Paradigm shifts, policy reversals, and reform obstacles -- Conclusion: from path dependence to path departure

1. Early retirement -- United States
2. Early retirement -- Europe
3. Early retirement -- Japan
4. Retirement -- Government policy -- United States
5. Retirement -- Government policy -- Europe
6. Retirement -- Government policy -- Japan
7. Early retirement -- United States -- Evaluation
8. Early retirement -- Europe -- Evaluation
9. Early retirement -- Japan -- Evaluation