The localization of Chinese society in colonial Penang -- "a very irreligious but most superstitutious people": trust, tolerance, and control in the straits settlements, 1786-1857 -- belonging and boundaries: European freemasons and Chinese sworn brotherhoods -- rites of belonging: initiation into the Chinese sworn brotherhoods -- rights of belonging: citizenship and ethnic nationalism -- time, space, and social memory -- the politics of a religious revitalization: the hungry ghosts festival -- performing magical power: the nine emperor gods festival

1. rites & rituals
2. ethnic minorities
3. society