Introduction -- Ethical aspects of risk -- Effects of lonising radiation in the low-dose range-radiobiological Basis -- Toxicology of chemical carcinogens -- Epidemiological perspectives on low-dose exposure to human carcinogens -- Mathematical models of carcinogensis -- Comparing summary of action of lonising radiation and chemicals in carcinogenesis -- Hypothesis testing and the choice of the dose-response model -- Risk evaluation and communication -- Low dose in health-related environmental law -- Summary -- Zusammenfassung -- Recommendations for environmental risks to human health: evaluation and regulatory processes

1. Low-level radiation -- Dose-response relationship.
2. Toxicology -- Dose-response relationship.
3. Radiation protection -- Standards.
4. Low-level radiation -- Moral and ethical aspects.
5. Environmental law
6. International.