Studying media effects -- Effects of media on individuals -- Mitigating circumstances for media effects -- Media effects and communication campaigns -- Theories of accumulative effects -- Efffects of media on public opinion -- Social effects: violence, pornography, and stereotyping -- Social effects: children and the mass media -- Political effects of the media-election campaigns -- Economic effects of the media -- Cultural effects of the media -- Long-term media effects on institutions and society -- Mass media, communication systems, and social systems

1. Mass Media