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156 ECONOMIC INQUIRIES AND STUDIES
inhabitants would consume about £100,000 worth. A
single earthenware and china factory producing only
£ 100,000 worth would not be a very large one, and of
course it has to be remembered that pottery is most
v3;rious, that several factories are wanted if there is to
be variety at all-in fact that hardly anyone country,
not even England, can provide aU the variety required.
Howthen can there be important earthenware and china
factories in really new countries, if the market is only
to be a home market ? We might go through the list
of cotton, woollen, silk, and other manufactures. Some
small manufactures may be set up where there is a
combination of a large local demand for some article,
coupled with the possibility of meeting it by moderate
sized factories, but as a rule the new country is not II in
it" in the nature of things, because there is not a large
enough market for the minimum production consistent
with economy.

My next point is the actual experience of Australasia.
One has heard much of the relative advantages of Free
Trade and Protection as exemplified by Victoria and
New South Wales. But, as a matter of fact, neither
country has factory manufactures-not of a local char-
acter-to any sensible extent. Take Victoria. Accord-
ing to the Year Book of Victoria for 1895, the latest. in
my possession, the hands employed in factories, work-
shops, etc., in 1894 were just about 40,000,1 the total
population of the colony being about 1,200,000, and
the occupied population, it may be assumed, being
about 500,000. In other words, the manufacturing
.population, so called, is less than 10 per cent. of the
whole number of "bread-winners." The chief con-
stituents of these 40,000 again are:

1 See pp. 768-77 2 •