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434                     INDEX
                  CONSUMPTION,  domestic,  and    during  the  wtr;  war  causes  a
                    recent progress  in England, ii.   permanent  loss  of  annual  in.
                    108.                          come;  Trade  Licence 'Tax  as  a
                                                  measure  of  industrial  loss,  2J·
                  -- increased,  of  excisable  ar-  25·
                    ticles,  184°-1881,  shows  im-  Loss  of  life  and  invaliding  of
                    proved condition of the people,   f·   wounded and sick; estimated cap.
                                                  ital value oflives lost or invalided,
                    i·4 0 4·                      forty.two  million  {,;  increased
                  --' injurious tendencies of pro-  (1IIortality in civil  population ow·
                    tection to check, i.  366.    ing to war, about 2OO,1XlO, 26-28.
                  -- of various articles in United   Total indirect loss to France, about
                    Kingdom, estimated cost of, ii.   two hundred  and  sixty·two mil.
                                                  lion {"  28.
                    3 81 -3 83.                  CU'lNQN)'.  Indirect  losses  of  Ger.
                  Cost  of Franco-German  War  of   many much  less, they  being  the
                    187°-1871 [1872], i.  1-74.   invaders;  loss  from  withdrawal
                                                  of labour, about  fifty  million {,;
                     I.  Direct Expenses:         estimated  capital  value  of lives
                     Direct cost  of Waf to central  Gov·   lost  or  invalided,  thirty  million
                       ernment  of  France  about  one   {,,29·
                       hundred million {"  2'4-  III.  General  Summary of Cost  of
                     Amounts  of  requis.itions,  taxes   the War:
                       levied  by  Germans,  loss  from   France,  four  hundred  and  thirty.
                      destruction of property, 5-6.   one  million  {,;  Germany,  one
                     Losses  of Paris, from  the war  and   hundred  and  fifteen  million  {,;
                       the Commune, 6'7.          total, five  hundred  and  forty·sill
                     Local  expenditure  and  damage  to   million {"  30.
                       roads,  bridges  and  railways;   IV.  Pennanent Loss of Capital:
                       direct losses to France about one   Cost  of  war  mostly,  not  a  per·
                       hundred  and  sixty·four  million   manent  loss  of capital;  France:
                       {,,9-10.                   charges  against  capital,  about
                     German  expenditure  for  the  war   three  hundred  and  forty· three
                       only about  sixty million {,; rea·   million{,; those of Germany only
                       sons  for  smaU  cost  to Germany,   about ninety million {"  31'36.
                       10, II.                  V.  The Indemnity and  Cession  of
                     Capital  of  new  pensions  arising   Territory, and their Results:
                       from  the war about equal in both   Two  hundred  million. {, paid  by
                       countries,  12,  13.       France to Germany, less thirteen
                     Income,  annual,  of  France  and   million  {, for  railways  in  ceded
                       Germany, about twelve hundred   territory;  haste  of  payment  of
                       million {,;  influence  of modem   indemuity an addition to its cost
                       industry  and  wealth  of  nations   to France, 37, 38.
                       on prolongation  of wars, 13, 14-  Cession of territory a  great  gain to
                     II.  Indirect Expenses and Losses:   Germany in  many respects;  loss
                     Fratu:e.  Difficulty  of  estimating   of A1sace and Lorraine to France
                       indirect losses, 14-       equal  to  sixty-four  million  {,;
                     Loss  of national  income, by with·   Germany's  gain  from  the  war
                      'drawal  of  workers  from  their   about one hundred and fifty  mil·
                       pursuits;  national  revenue,  a   lion {"  39'41.
                       means of measuring this loss, 1 S·   France's  loss  from  the  war  about
                       17·                        seven hundred million {,; cost of
                     Loss of national  income to France   war to France per head of popu.
                       about one hundred and fifty·three   lation, 42-43.   '
                       million  {,;  loss  of  income  in·   Influence oCcost  of war on Frencb
                       curred  by  different  industries:   finance;  44-48.
                       agriculture twenty-six million {"   Germany's uses  of the indemnity;
                       manufacturing  D,inety-three  mil·   establishment of a gold currency,
                       lion {"  18-22.            repayment of German  debts, in·
                     Imports  and  exports  of  :france   fluence on money market, ,.s-49.
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