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TilE IMPORTANCE OF GENERAL STATISTICAL IDEAS 345

New Population and New Markets.
Another idea suggested by the facts appears to be
an an'Swer to the question as to how new markets are
to be found for. the products of an increasing popula-
tion-a question which vexes the mind of many who
see in nothing but foreign trade an outlet for new
energies. The point was mentioned in my address at
Manchester a year ago. but it deserves perhaps a more
elaborate treatment than it was possible then to give
it. What we see then is that not only in this country,
but in Germany and other continental countries, millions
of new people are, in fact, provided for in every ten
years, although the resources of the country in food
and raw materials are generally used to the full extent,
and not capable of farther expansion, so that increas-
ing supplies of food and raw material have to be im-
ported from abroad. How is the thing done? Obviously
the main provision for the wants of the new people is
effected by themselves. They exchange services with
each other, and so procure the major part of the com-
forts and luxuries of life whIch they require. The
butcher, the baker, the tailor, the dressmaker, the
milliner, the shoemaker, the builder, the teacher, the
doctor, the lawyer, and so on, are all working for each
other the, most part of their lives, and the proportion
of exchanges with foreign countries necessary to pro-
cure some things required in the general economy may
be very small. These exchanges may also very largely
take the form of a remittance of goods by foreign
countries in payment of interest on debts which they
owe, so that the communities in question obtain much
of what they want from abroad by levying a kind of
rent or annuity which the foreigner has to pay. If
more is required, it may be obtained by special means,
as for instance by the working of coal for export. which
gives employment in this country to aoout 200,000
miners, by the employment of shipping in the carrying
trade, by the manufacture of special lines of goods,