State of music at the end of the ancient world -- Chant and secular song in the middle ages -- Beginnings of polyphony and the music of the thirteenth century -- French and italian music of the fourteenth century -- Medieval to Renaissance: music of England and the Burgundian lands in the fifteenth century -- Age of the Renaissance: Ockeghem to Josquin -- New currents in the sixteenth century -- Church music in the late Renaissance -- Music of the early Baroque period -- Opera and vocal music in the late seventeenth century -- Instrumental music in the late Baroque period -- Early eighteenth century -- Sources of the classic style: the sonata, symphony, and opera in the eighteenth century -- Late eighteenth century -- Ludwig van Beethoven -- Nineteenth century: Romanticism; vocal music -- Nineteenth century: instrumental music -- Nineteenth century: opera and music drama -- End of an era -- Twentieth century

1. Music -- History and criticism